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Valisure notes that many dry shampoo products tested had no detectable level of benzene, so it appears that such products can adhere to strict limits. N-nitrosamines. Valisure detected N-Nitrosamines like “NDMA” in multiple drug products, which were followed by broad recalls of ranitidine (Zantac), metformin, and other drugs. Although the .... New construction homes miami under dollar400k

Valisure offers a variety of services that leverage its unique capabilities and globally-recognized leadership in independent quality assurance, including product certification, supplier validation, advocacy programs, consulting, specialty projects, and more. These services include product certification, supplier validation, advocacy programs ...Ranitidine molecule. “Beyond Valisure’s tests, the presence of NDMA in ranitidine is supported by decades of scientific studies at institutions around the world starting as early as 1982. The data published today adds to a growing body of research that raises serious concern regarding ranitidine and its potential to form the potent ... Nov 4, 2022 · Valisure petitioned the FDA for recalls on dry shampoos after research in an independent lab found that nearly 70% of samples tested had concerning levels of a cancer-causing chemical, benzene. November 04, 2022 - Last month, Unilever North America voluntarily recalled multiple dry shampoo products, citing the presence of benzene in the ... Mar 24, 2021 · NEW HAVEN, CT – MARCH 24, 2021 – Valisure has tested and detected benzene, a known human carcinogen, in several batches across multiple brands of hand sanitizer, which are considered drug products regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Here's a list of brands, manufacturers and sunscreens with benzene, according to Valisure: Aveeno Baby Continuous Protection Sensitive Skin Sunscreen Lotion, SPF 50 Babyganics Kid's Sunscreen ...NEW HAVEN, CT – NOVEMBER 1, 2022 – Valisure has tested and detected high levels of benzene, a known human carcinogen, in several brands and batches of dry shampoo products, which are regulated as cosmetic products by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Valisure offers a variety of services that leverage its unique capabilities and globally-recognized leadership in independent quality assurance, including product certification, supplier validation, advocacy programs, consulting, specialty projects, and more.NEW HAVEN, CT – NOVEMBER 4, 2021 – Valisure LLC has tested and detected high levels of benzene, a known human carcinogen, in several brands and batches of antiperspirant body sprays, which are considered drug products by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), as well as in deodorant body spray products, which FDA generally regulates as ...On March 2, 2020, Valisure announced our detections high levels of N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in specific lots of the drug metformin, a prescription medication used to control high blood sugar in adults and adolescents with type 2 diabetes. Valisure’s analysis of 22 companies selling metformin and a total of 38 batches revealed 16 batches ...Valisure’s research, along with that of Stanford University and others, found that NDMA was the result of the “inherent instability” of the ranitidine molecule. This means that all manufacturers, brands or generic, and all lots of ranitidine-containing medications are affected and could generate very high levels of NDMA in the human body. Send us a message. Thank you for your interest in Valisure. Please know that we read all the messages sent to us. However, you may not get a personal reply due to the large volume of messages we receive. Valisure has entered into a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) with the Department of Defense (DoD) in order to generate objective drug quality data through independent sourcing and chemical testing. Below is a brief overview, background and overarching objective of this pharmaceutical quality risk assessment pilot study ... Dec 9, 2022 · The notorious drug testing company Valisure, which has made a name for itself by forcing FDA's hand with some of its safety-related uncoverings, received a letter this week after the FDA uncovered ... Aug 8, 2023 · Valisure's novel approach to independent quality assurance has had a tremendous global impact and built a foundation of thought leadership that increasingly influences academia, government, and ... On March 2, 2020, Valisure announced its detection of N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in specific lots of the drug metformin, a prescription medication used to control high blood sugar in adults and adolescents with type 2 diabetes. Of the 22 companies selling metformin and a total of 38 batches revealed 16 batches and 11 companies where NDMA ... Valisure offers a variety of services that leverage its unique capabilities and globally-recognized leadership in independent quality assurance, including product certification, supplier validation, advocacy programs, consulting, specialty projects, and more. These services include product certification, supplier validation, advocacy programs ...The FDA has said the risk for anyone exposed to nitrosamines in drugs is small. The agency has set acceptable limits on six types of nitrosamines, which equal up to one case of cancer per 100,000 ...Consumer Reports took a detailed look at our detections of benzene in multiple consumer products in an article, “Benzene, a Known Carcinogen, Has Been Found in Some Spray Sunscreens, Deodorants, and Other Products.”. View the full article via Consumer Reports here. Back to Newsroom.Valisure offers a variety of services that leverage its unique capabilities and globally-recognized leadership in independent quality assurance, including product certification, supplier validation, advocacy programs, consulting, specialty projects, and more. These services include product certification, supplier validation, advocacy programs ... Jun 5, 2021 · Valisure also reported that 14 sun care product lots with some of the highest contaminations are sold across four different popular brands — Neutrogena, Sun Bum, CVS Health and Fruit of the Earth. Valisure offers a variety of services that leverage its unique capabilities and globally-recognized leadership in independent quality assurance, including product certification, supplier validation, advocacy programs, consulting, specialty projects, and more. Valisure offers a variety of services that leverage its unique capabilities and globally-recognized leadership in independent quality assurance, including product certification, supplier validation, advocacy programs, consulting, specialty projects, and more.In early November, Valisure issued a citizen petition to the FDA stating that its testing revealed benzene was present at up to nine times the emergency FDA limit of 2 parts per million in several ...In Valisure’s study, three batches from one brand contained benzene levels of more than 100 ppm, while 11 batches from three other brands contained more than 20 ppm. Even more products were ...Jun 5, 2021 · Valisure also reported that 14 sun care product lots with some of the highest contaminations are sold across four different popular brands — Neutrogena, Sun Bum, CVS Health and Fruit of the Earth. A 2021 report detected benzene in 78 different popular sunscreens and after-sun products. Valisure, a pharmacy that tests its own products, tested nearly 300 sprays and lotions. Benzene, a carcinogen, was detected in 27% of samples. Some batches contained up to three times the restricted Food and Drug Administration (FDA) concentration limit of ...Valisure offers a variety of services that leverage its unique capabilities and globally-recognized leadership in independent quality assurance, including product certification, supplier validation, advocacy programs, consulting, specialty projects, and more. These services include product certification, supplier validation, advocacy programs ... NEW HAVEN, CT – NOVEMBER 4, 2021 – Valisure LLC has tested and detected high levels of benzene, a known human carcinogen, in several brands and batches of antiperspirant body sprays, which are considered drug products by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), as well as in deodorant body spray products, which FDA generally regulates as ...On March 2, 2020, Valisure announced its detection of N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in specific lots of the drug metformin, a prescription medication used to control high blood sugar in adults and adolescents with type 2 diabetes. Of the 22 companies selling metformin and a total of 38 batches revealed 16 batches and 11 companies where NDMA ... Valisure’s research, along with that of Stanford University and others, found that NDMA was the result of the “inherent instability” of the ranitidine molecule. This means that all manufacturers, brands or generic, and all lots of ranitidine-containing medications are affected and could generate very high levels of NDMA in the human body.Valisure first gained national attention in September 2019, when its finding led to the discovery that all versions of the heartburn drug Zantac contained levels of the cancer-causing chemical N ...We at Valisure have been appreciative of our association with Congressman Rosa DeLauro over the years. Rosa DeLauro is the Congresswoman from Connecticut’s Third Congressional District and strongly believes in the power of biomedical research and is working to increase funding to make lifesaving breakthroughs in science and medicine.Valisure also reported that 14 sun care product lots with some of the highest contaminations are sold across four different popular brands — Neutrogena, Sun Bum, CVS Health and Fruit of the Earth.Send us a message. Thank you for your interest in Valisure. Please know that we read all the messages sent to us. However, you may not get a personal reply due to the large volume of messages we receive. Nov 9, 2022 · Bloomberg’s The Big Take Feature Story: A Tiny Lab Finds Danger on Drugstore Shelves While the FDA Lags Behind. National healthcare reporter, Anna Edney, covers in an in-depth article how in just 3 years, Valisure's quest to hunt down cancer-causing chemicals in everyday products has impacted pharmaceuticals and consumer goods in markets worth an estimated $9 billion that touch the lives of ... Valisure, LLC, New Haven FEI3012063246 page2 Section 582(c)(4) and (d)(4) of the FD&C Act establishes the DSCSA’s verification requirements for wholesale distributors and dispensers respectively ... On March 2, 2020, Valisure announced our detections high levels of N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in specific lots of the drug metformin, a prescription medication used to control high blood sugar in adults and adolescents with type 2 diabetes. Valisure’s analysis of 22 companies selling metformin and a total of 38 batches revealed 16 batches ...Concerns about sunscreen safety, many entirely unfounded, continue to bubble up. The latest are stemming from a study by Valisure, an independent, for-profit pharmacy and research testing lab ...Valisure generates some of the most impactful laboratory analyses in the pharmaceutical industry, has a talented staff, and is a highly engaging place to work. Our company is growing and expanding each year, which will provide new and challenging opportunities for every employee. With the growth of our company each year, there are always new ...Valisure is urging the FDA to recall the above products and created a petition to support its efforts. And while one might think that a recall is a no-brainer, things are a bit muddled because the ...Mar 18, 2022 · Valisure’s hand sanitizer analysis found the highest levels of benzene in small brands that popped up as demand for the product spiked. Out of 260 samples from 168 brands sold on Amazon, at ... Valisure generates some of the most impactful laboratory analyses in the pharmaceutical industry, has a talented staff, and is a highly engaging place to work. Our company is growing and expanding each year, which will provide new and challenging opportunities for every employee. With the growth of our company each year, there are always new ...Valisure offers a variety of services that leverage its unique capabilities and globally-recognized leadership in independent quality assurance, including product certification, supplier validation, advocacy programs, consulting, specialty projects, and more.Valisure offers a variety of services that leverage its unique capabilities and globally-recognized leadership in independent quality assurance, including product certification, supplier validation, advocacy programs, consulting, specialty projects, and more.Valisure offers a variety of services that leverage its unique capabilities and globally-recognized leadership in independent quality assurance, including product certification, supplier validation, advocacy programs, consulting, specialty projects, and more. These services include product certification, supplier validation, advocacy programs ...Dermatology Times | Valisure Highlights Controversy of Benzene Contamination in Sunscreen Products. Dermatology Times spoke with Valisure's CEO, David Light, regarding the presence of benzene in multiple brands of sunscreen and to discuss the reports' findings and the impact this news will have on the sun protection industry. Watch the full ...Jun 1, 2021 · Valisure is urging the FDA to recall the above products and created a petition to support its efforts. And while one might think that a recall is a no-brainer, things are a bit muddled because the ... Valisure generates some of the most impactful laboratory analyses in the pharmaceutical industry, has a talented staff, and is a highly engaging place to work. Our company is growing and expanding each year, which will provide new and challenging opportunities for every employee. With the growth of our company each year, there are always new ... Valisure offers a variety of services that leverage its unique capabilities and globally-recognized leadership in independent quality assurance, including product certification, supplier validation, advocacy programs, consulting, specialty projects, and more.Valisure, LLC, New Haven FEI3012063246 page3 Verification Systems Under the Drug Supply Chain Security Act for Certain Prescription Drugs, Draft Guidance for Industry, March 2022,Valisure offers a variety of services that leverage its unique capabilities and globally-recognized leadership in independent quality assurance, including product certification, supplier validation, advocacy programs, consulting, specialty projects, and more.Valisure, LLC, New Haven FEI3012063246 page3 Verification Systems Under the Drug Supply Chain Security Act for Certain Prescription Drugs, Draft Guidance for Industry, March 2022,Dermatology Times | Valisure Highlights Controversy of Benzene Contamination in Sunscreen Products. Dermatology Times spoke with Valisure's CEO, David Light, regarding the presence of benzene in multiple brands of sunscreen and to discuss the reports' findings and the impact this news will have on the sun protection industry. Watch the full ... Sep 28, 2018 · Valisure is the first online Analytical Pharmacy to chemically batch-validate medications and is committed to ensuring the safety, quality and consistency of the medications it delivers to consumers. Valisure is registered with the Drug Enforcement Administration (License # RV0484814). Valisure’s mission is to help ensure the safety, quality and consistency of medications and supplements in the market. In response to rising concerns about counterfeit medications, generics, and overseas manufacturing, Valisure developed proprietary analytical Valisure offers a variety of services that leverage its unique capabilities and globally-recognized leadership in independent quality assurance, including product certification, supplier validation, advocacy programs, consulting, specialty projects, and more. These services include product certification, supplier validation, advocacy programs ... Valisure has entered into a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) with the Department of Defense (DoD) in order to generate objective drug quality data through independent sourcing and chemical testing. Below is a brief overview, background and overarching objective of this pharmaceutical quality risk assessment pilot study ...Benzene is not an ingredient intentionally used in sunscreens, but the products on Valisure's list were found to be contaminated with benzene."Benzene is a chemical that, when activated with exposure to the skin, blood, or organs, can affect changes in your DNA that cause mutations for cancers," says Madhuri Chadha, M.D., founder of Dr. Madh Skin Solutions and radiologist currently working in ...Aug 8, 2023 · Valisure and DoD Signed a Cooperative Research & Development Agreement to Conduct a Pharmaceutical Quality Risk Assessment Pilot Study NEW HAVEN, Conn., Aug. 8, 2023 /PRNewswire/ -- Valisure has ... Valisure investigated further mechanisms relevant to the conditions in the human body and identified a broadly expressed enzyme, DDAH-1, which is known to cleave DMA from its substrate and release it, presenting a known risk of NDMA formation. 4 Valisure’s computational modelling suggest this enzyme Valisure offers a variety of services that leverage its unique capabilities and globally-recognized leadership in independent quality assurance, including product certification, supplier validation, advocacy programs, consulting, specialty projects, and more. These services include product certification, supplier validation, advocacy programs ...On May 25, 2021, Valisure announced our detection of high levels of benzene, a known human carcinogen, in several brands and batches of sunscreen, which are considered drug products by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), as well as in after-sun care products, which FDA generally regulates as cosmetics. Valisure analyzed 294 unique batches ...Jan 10, 2020 · A car on a hot summer day could reach 140 F.) Valisure reported the results to the FDA, which took exception to the testing methods, saying that its testing at lower temperatures had resulted in ... Valisure offers a variety of services that leverage its unique capabilities and globally-recognized leadership in independent quality assurance, including product certification, supplier validation, advocacy programs, consulting, specialty projects, and more. These services include product certification, supplier validation, advocacy programs ...On November 4, 2021, Valisure announced the detection of high levels of benzene, a known human carcinogen, in several brands and batches of antiperspirant body sprays, which are considered drug products by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), as well as in deodorant body spray products, which FDA generally regulates as cosmetics. Valisure ...Valisure petitioned the FDA for recalls on dry shampoos after research in an independent lab found that nearly 70% of samples tested had concerning levels of a cancer-causing chemical, benzene. November 04, 2022 - Last month, Unilever North America voluntarily recalled multiple dry shampoo products, citing the presence of benzene in the ...Valisure investigated further mechanisms relevant to the conditions in the human body and identified a broadly expressed enzyme, DDAH-1, which is known to cleave DMA from its substrate and release it, presenting a known risk of NDMA formation. 4 Valisure’s computational modelling suggest this enzymeEmery’s results confirmed Valisure’s findings of many times the FDA acceptable daily intake limit of NDMA for the re-tested batch. Metformin is an oral diabetes medicine that helps control blood sugar levels in patients with type 2 diabetes. More than 30 million people in the United States have diabetes, of which 90 to 95% are type 2.On March 2, 2020, Valisure announced our detections high levels of N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in specific lots of the drug metformin, a prescription medication used to control high blood sugar in adults and adolescents with type 2 diabetes. Valisure’s analysis of 22 companies selling metformin and a total of 38 batches revealed 16 batches ... Then on Monday, Valisure sent a citizen petition to the US Food and Drug Administration in which the lab described that among 148 batches from 34 different brands of dry shampoo products, 70% of ...Valisure is registered with the Drug Enforcement Administration (License # RV0484814). Valisure’s mission is to help ensure the safety, quality and consistency of medications and supplements in the market. In response to rising concerns about counterfeit medications, generics, and overseas manufacturing, Valisure developed proprietary analytical Valisure offers a variety of services that leverage its unique capabilities and globally-recognized leadership in independent quality assurance, including product certification, supplier validation, advocacy programs, consulting, specialty projects, and more. These services include product certification, supplier validation, advocacy programs ...Valisure notes that many dry shampoo products tested had no detectable level of benzene, so it appears that such products can adhere to strict limits. N-nitrosamines. Valisure detected N-Nitrosamines like “NDMA” in multiple drug products, which were followed by broad recalls of ranitidine (Zantac), metformin, and other drugs. Although the ...Valisure and GOJO Industries (makers of Purell), investigated the quality of bulk hand sanitizers during the pandemic and published the study: The presence of unsafe chemical impurities accelerated evaporation of alcohol, and lack of crucial labeling requirements are risks and concerns for some alcohol-based hand sanitizers and dispenser practices during the COVID-19 pandemic.Emery’s results confirmed Valisure’s findings of many times the FDA acceptable daily intake limit of NDMA for the re-tested batch. Metformin is an oral diabetes medicine that helps control blood sugar levels in patients with type 2 diabetes. More than 30 million people in the United States have diabetes, of which 90 to 95% are type 2.March 24, 2021. On March 24th, 2021, Valisure announced our detection of high levels of benzene, a known human carcinogen, in several brands and batches across multiple brands of hand sanitizer, which are considered drug products regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Benzene is known to cause cancer in humans according to the U.S ... In the laboratory test conducted by Valisure, 294 unique batches of sun care products from 69 different companies were examined. Results of the test found 27% of samples tested contained detectable benzene, while some batches contained up to 3 times the FDA concentration limit of 2 parts per million (ppm).Dec 9, 2022 · Valisure first gained national attention in September 2019, when its finding led to the discovery that all versions of the heartburn drug Zantac contained levels of the cancer-causing chemical N ... Valisure, LLC, New Haven FEI3012063246 page3 Verification Systems Under the Drug Supply Chain Security Act for Certain Prescription Drugs, Draft Guidance for Industry, March 2022,Sarah D. Young, Reporter and Editor. • Mar 30, 2021. Some hand sanitizers have elevated levels of the human carcinogen Benzene, according to a new study conducted by Valisure, an independent ...Aug 8, 2023 · Valisure's novel approach to independent quality assurance has had a tremendous global impact and built a foundation of thought leadership that increasingly influences academia, government, and ... Here's a list of brands, manufacturers and sunscreens with benzene, according to Valisure: Aveeno Baby Continuous Protection Sensitive Skin Sunscreen Lotion, SPF 50 Babyganics Kid's Sunscreen ...Valisure petitioned the FDA for recalls on dry shampoos after research in an independent lab found that nearly 70% of samples tested had concerning levels of a cancer-causing chemical, benzene. November 04, 2022 - Last month, Unilever North America voluntarily recalled multiple dry shampoo products, citing the presence of benzene in the ...Valisure Named Honorable Mention in Category of Fast Company’s 2022 World Changing Ideas Awards April 20, 2022 David Light Awarded Junior Achievement's Entrepreneur of The Year AwardAug 8, 2023 · Valisure's novel approach to independent quality assurance has had a tremendous global impact and built a foundation of thought leadership that increasingly influences academia, government, and ... Valisure is urging the FDA to recall the above products and created a petition to support its efforts. And while one might think that a recall is a no-brainer, things are a bit muddled because the ...Images: Reuters/AFP/Getty Images Composite: Mark Kelly. Claims by the small laboratory company, Valisure LLC, that popular consumer products contain cancer-causing chemicals have generated ...Tests by Valisure, however, found concerning levels of benzene in some batches of P&G products. The most highly contaminated – two lots of an Old Spice antiperspirant called Pure Sport (Lots ...Images: Reuters/AFP/Getty Images Composite: Mark Kelly. Claims by the small laboratory company, Valisure LLC, that popular consumer products contain cancer-causing chemicals have generated ...Valisure offers a variety of services that leverage its unique capabilities and globally-recognized leadership in independent quality assurance, including product certification, supplier validation, advocacy programs, consulting, specialty projects, and more. These services include product certification, supplier validation, advocacy programs ...

Valisure offers a variety of services that leverage its unique capabilities and globally-recognized leadership in independent quality assurance, including product certification, supplier validation, advocacy programs, consulting, specialty projects, and more. These services include product certification, supplier validation, advocacy programs .... Used hyundai sonata under dollar5000

Valisure Signs Agreement With Department Of Defense To Independently Test & Quality Score Drugs Valisure and DoD Signed a Cooperative Research & Development Agreement to Conduct a Pharmaceutical Quality Risk Assessment Pilot Study On March 2, 2020, Valisure announced its detection of N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in specific lots of the drug metformin, a prescription medication used to control high blood sugar in adults and adolescents with type 2 diabetes. Of the 22 companies selling metformin and a total of 38 batches revealed 16 batches and 11 companies where NDMA ...Farah Stockman discusses how the American healthcare system is built upon the widely disputed concept that generic drugs are considered equal to one another and the name brand. The piece recognizes Valisure as a leader attempting to address these issues and highlights the opportunities for change through action by large health systems. View the ... To better determine the scope of contamination, Valisure continued to analyze sunscreen and after-sun care products through a crowdsourced study that allowed for broader product sampling and facilitated access to sun care products that were sold before lab sourcing efforts. Read the complete study here. Valisure Signs Agreement With Department Of Defense To Independently Test & Quality Score Drugs Valisure and DoD Signed a Cooperative Research & Development Agreement to Conduct a Pharmaceutical Quality Risk Assessment Pilot StudyValisure offers a variety of services that leverage its unique capabilities and globally-recognized leadership in independent quality assurance, including product certification, supplier validation, advocacy programs, consulting, specialty projects, and more. These services include product certification, supplier validation, advocacy programs ... Photo: Getty Images. Last spring, Valisure, a small Connecticut lab, announced that it had found benzene, a known carcinogen, in Neutrogena spray sunscreens. The findings prompted Johnson ...Valisure offers a variety of services that leverage its unique capabilities and globally-recognized leadership in independent quality assurance, including product certification, supplier validation, advocacy programs, consulting, specialty projects, and more. These services include product certification, supplier validation, advocacy programs ... On November 1, 2022, Valisure announced the detection of high levels of benzene, a known human carcinogen, in several brands and batches of dry shampoo products, which are regulated as cosmetic products by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Valisure analyzed 148 unique batches from 34 different brands using industry-standard GC-MS ...Valisure also found that an import alert the FDA declared on January 26 on hand sanitizer products from Mexico would probably not address the issue of contaminated sanitizers on the market. In the ...Nov 1, 2022 · Valisure’s November 1, 2022, Citizen Petition on benzene contamination in dry shampoo was announced exclusively via Bloomberg in an article titled, " Cancer-Causing Toxin Found in Dry Shampoos Still on Store Shelves, Study Shows. " National healthcare reporter Anna Edney tells the story of how Valisure tested 148 batches from 34 brands of dry ... Nov 30, 2021 · In early November, Valisure issued a citizen petition to the FDA stating that its testing revealed benzene was present at up to nine times the emergency FDA limit of 2 parts per million in several ... Valisure offers a variety of services that leverage its unique capabilities and globally-recognized leadership in independent quality assurance, including product certification, supplier validation, advocacy programs, consulting, specialty projects, and more. These services include product certification, supplier validation, advocacy programs ... Shortly after Valisure reported that it had found benzene in hand sanitizer, the FDA spent several weeks combing through the lab’s facilities and ultimately accused it of operating without ...Valisure, the lab that made findings about benzene in samples of Artnaturals sanitizer and other brands, had submitted a citizen petition in March asking the FDA to take action on Artnaturals and...September 13, 2019. On September 13, 2019, Valisure announced they discovered the link of Zantac and its generics to the carcinogen NDMA during its routine testing of every batch of every medication and filed a detailed petition with the Food and Drug Administration asking the agency to recall all products containing ranitidine.Valisure analyzed 260 bottles from 168 brands. They found 17% of the samples contained detectable levels of benzene. And 21 bottles (8% of the samples) contained levels of benzene that were above ...Mar 18, 2022 · Valisure’s hand sanitizer analysis found the highest levels of benzene in small brands that popped up as demand for the product spiked. Out of 260 samples from 168 brands sold on Amazon, at ... .

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